Choose from 500 different sets of microbiology staining techniques flashcards on quizlet. It is used to distinguish between grampositive and gramnegative bacteria, which have. This technique was introduced in 1884 by danish physician christian gram. Uk standards for microbiology investigations issued by the standards unit, public health england. To learn the techniques of gram staining, nigrosin staining and koh test. Another differential staining technique is acidfast technique which differentiates species of mycobacterium from other bacteria. Prefixes are used to indicate the relationship of a unit to the basic unit e. The purpose of this lesson is to provide a general overview of laboratory techniques used in the. Acknowledgements the society for general microbiology is grateful to acknowledge the support from the following sources. Flood slide with crystal or gentian violet 60 seconds. Stains, or dyes, contain salts made up of a positive ion and a negative ion. Table 3 provides more detail on these differential staining techniques. The gram stain and differential staining journal of.
Virology techniques introduction virology is a field within microbiology that encompasses the study of viruses and the diseases they cause. Staining is a valuable technique used in microscopy to enhance contrast in the microscopic image. Stains and dyes are frequently used in biological tissues for viewing, often with the aid of different microscopes. The competency of microbiology professionals is obtained through the theoretical knowledge gained in the class and the practical skills and applications that lead to the better understanding and interpretations the subject matter. The technology of making very small things visible to the naked eye. Gram staining is the common, important, and most used differential staining techniques in microbiology, which was introduced by danish bacteriologist hans christian gram in 1884. In the laboratory, viruses have served as useful tools to better understand cellular mechanisms. The peptidoglycan layer of gramnegative bacteria is covered by a membrane and is not labeled by the lectin. Testing sensitivity to antimicrobial substances 21 2. Bacterial classification, structure and function introduction the purpose of this lecture is to introduce you to terminology used in microbiology. Stains are used to highlight structures in clinical specimens, often. Gram stain the previous lab introduced simple staining techniques that enable microbiologists to observe the morphological characteristics of bacteria.
This manual, which explains the basic techniques necessary to carry out microbiology experiments safely and effectively, is intended as a guide for teachers and technicians. Mycobacterium species resist the effect of the acid. Module context this module introduces microbiological laboratory techniques to be used for analysis of coliforms bacteria can be used as indicators of pollution. Then the cells are washed with a dilute acidalcohol solution. Below is the complete table of contents offered in microbiology. Depending on the type of dye, the positive or the negative ion may be the chromophore the colored ion. This test differentiate the bacteria into gram positive and gram negative bacteria, which helps in the classification and differentiations of microorganisms. Module common staining technique microbiology 20 notes 2 common staining technique 2. Microscopy using the microscope 22 stained preparations 23 making a smear 23 a simple stain 24 a differential stain.
True to its name, the simple stain is a very simple staining procedure involving single solution of stain. Staining is a technique used to enhance contrast in samples, generally at the microscopic level. Suitable for all kinds of undergraduate microbiology courses and thus highly recommended. The microbiology society, in association with the microbiology in schools advisory committee misac. Alternate gram staining technique using a fluorescent. Another differential stain technique is the acidfast technique. Stains and dyes are frequently used in histology the study of tissue under the microscope and in the medical fields of histopathology, hematology, and cytopathology that focus on the study and diagnoses disease at a microscopic level. In microbiology the concept of staining is very important because it highlights the structures of microorganisms allowing them to be seen under a microscope. He has proposed the principles of fermentation for the preservation of food. In other words, two organisms in a differentially stained sample may appear to be different colors. Gram staining helps to identify bacterial pathogens in specimens and cultures by their gram reaction gram positive and gram negative and morphology coccirod. Bsci 424 pathogenic microbiology fall 2000 the gram stain the gram stain is the most important and universally used staining technique in the bacteriology laboratory. Gram stain is a very important differential staining techniques used in the initial characterization and classification of bacteria in microbiology. It is one of the most important and widely used differential staining techniques in microbiology.
Staining simply means coloring of the micro organisms with the dye that emphasizes and elucidate different important structures of microorganisms including bacteria, virus, protozoa and etc. Basic microbiology notes online microbiology notes. This technique differentiates species of mycobacterium from other bacteria. Differential and cytological staining techniques theory. Microbiological laboratory techniques clinical gate. Laboratory safety rules observations and study of structure of microbes microbial physiology. Methods of culturing microorganisms 3 five basic techniques 4 fig. Types of different staining techniques of microorganisms.
The reason for staining bacteria is due to the fact that most bacteria are transparent and cannot be seen through the microscope. Microscopy refers to the practice that involves the use of a microscope for the purposes of observing small scale structures that cannot be viewed using the naked eye and often cell staining is necessary as s tructures are difficult to discern due to insufficient contrast. The wide application of sterilization processes makes it necessary to impose strict control measures to validate the resu lts. Staining techniques in microbiology linkedin slideshare. Learn microbiology staining techniques with free interactive flashcards. Staining techniques in microbiology a presentation by g. Objectives to learn the technique of smear preparation. In addition to fixation, staining is almost always applied to color certain features of a specimen before examining it under a light microscope. Under anaerobic conditions, grampositive staining occurred in all test organisms with quick fixing techniques with both absolute methanol and formalin. The procedure is named for the person who developed the technique, danish bacteriologist hans christian gram.
Types of staining techniques used in microbiology and. Bacteria that retain the initial crystal violet stain purple are said to be grampositive, whereas those that are decolorized and stain red with carbol fuchsin or safranin are said to be gramnegative. Asm journals are the most prominent publications in the field, delivering uptodate and authoritative coverage of both basic and clinical microbiology. Cell staining in microscopy types, techniques, preparations and procedures. Stains may be used to define biological tissues highlighting.
He introduced sterilization techniques and developed steam. Microbiology is a popular option for practical work in schools. Accurate gram staining of american type culture collection strains of these anaerobic bacteria is possible by implementing fixing and staining techniques within a gloveless anaerobic chamber. To use and relate the gram stain to the study of bacterial cell morphology, and as an. This can be accomplished by physical methods such as heat, radiation, and filtration, or by chemical methods. Heat or a lipid solvent is used to carry the first stain, carbolfuchsin, into the cells. The simple stain can be used as a quick and easy way to determine cell shape, size and arrangements of bacteria. The metric system is used to measure microorganisms. Then apart from all this some other staining techniques are there for identification of fungus like lactophenol cotton blue staining, and many other techniques. Gram staining is a differential staining technique that differentiates bacteria into two groups.
Grams staining method 24 factsheets to support this manual can be downloaded from the uk website. The most widely used staining procedure in microbiology is the gram stain, discovered by the danish scientist and physician hans christian joachim gram in 1884. Microbiology history louis pasteur louis pasteur is also known as the father of microbiology. Basic laboratory techniques for isolation, cultivation, and cultural characterization of microorganisms.
The gram stain differentiates bacteria into two fundamental varieties of cells. Fluorescencelabeled wheat germ agglutinin binds specifically to nacetylglucosamine in the outer peptidoglycan layer of grampositive bacteria. The gram stain is a differential method of staining used to assign bacteria to one of two groups grampositive and gramnegative based on the properties of their cell walls. By exploiting this phenomenon, an alternative gram staining technique has been developed. All units are related to each other by factors of 10. Any basic dye such as methylene blue, safranin, or. Some staining techniques, such as the gram and ziel neelsen stains, although of great diagnostic value because of their differential staining properties for specific bacteria, reveal little. Differential staining techniques commonly used in clinical settings include gram staining, acidfast staining, endospore staining, flagella staining, and capsule staining.